energy = ability to do work
catabolic reactions: breakdown of complex substances (ex)
anabolic reactions: synthesis of complex substances from smaller units (end)
metabolism = catabolic + anabolic
Potential energy is stored energy; Kinetic energy is used
work = transfer of energy
First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy can neither by created or destroyed, but converted
Energy is absorbed when bonds break
Energy is released when bonds are formed
entropy = measure of randomness/disorder ∆S ∝ disorder
free energy = energy that can do useful work
∆S ∝ 1/free energy
Second Law of Thermodynamics/Law of Entropy: disorder of the universe increases with any change
dead cell = when all its reversible reactions have reached equilibrium (blood/buffer?)
phosphorylation = attaching phosphate group to an organic molecule (synthesis of ADP + Pᵢ --> ATP)
OIL = oxidation is losing
RIG = reduction is gaining
enzymes = protein catalysts
lowers activation energy
substrate = substance catalyzed by an enzyme
active site = location where the substrate binds to
substrate + active site = enzyme-substrate complex
cofactors: Zn²⁺; Mn²⁺
coenzymes: NAD⁺ NADP⁺
competitive inhibitors = similar to substrate; blocks substrates to bind to active site
noncompetitive inhibitors = attaches to another site on enzyme --> changes shape of active sites
allosteric sites = receptor sites to inhibit/promote an enzyme's activity
activator = promotes (stabilizes active form)
allosteric inhibitor = inhibits (stabilizes inactive form)
feedback inhibition = substances catalyzed later on can be used as inhibitors
